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This study introduces the current status of the coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19） epidemic， the adjustment of response initiatives， and the global variation of novel coronaviruses and vaccination in Europe， the United States， Japan， and Singapore. It summarizes the achievements in prevention and control efforts in China during COVID-19 epidemic. In addition， it describes the key public health issues in Chinese response strategy that includes： promoting the establishment of a population immunization system； optimizing health certification by unifying health codes， trip codes， and vaccine passes as a triple-identification at the national level； retaining nucleic acid testing as a technical means of detecting the source of infection and epidemiological investigation of close contacts； adhering to the requirements of public places， public transportation and other measures such as wearing masks； strengthening the surveillance of COVID-19 and respiratory infectious diseases； normalizing the timing of implementation of prevention and control strategies.
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This study introduces the current status of the coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19） epidemic， the adjustment of response initiatives， and the global variation of novel coronaviruses and vaccination in Europe， the United States， Japan， and Singapore. It summarizes the achievements in prevention and control efforts in China during COVID-19 epidemic. In addition， it describes the key public health issues in Chinese response strategy that includes： promoting the establishment of a population immunization system； optimizing health certification by unifying health codes， trip codes， and vaccine passes as a triple-identification at the national level； retaining nucleic acid testing as a technical means of detecting the source of infection and epidemiological investigation of close contacts； adhering to the requirements of public places， public transportation and other measures such as wearing masks； strengthening the surveillance of COVID-19 and respiratory infectious diseases； normalizing the timing of implementation of prevention and control strategies.
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Objective:To characterize the mortality rate of residents in Minhang District of Shanghai from January to April in 2016-2020， and to determine the change in the epidemic Coronavirus Disease 2019 （COVID-19） in 2020. Methods:Data of mortality surveillance was collected from the death registry of Shanghai residents. Cause of death was coded and classified per the International Classification of Diseases （ICD-10）. The standardized mortality rate was calculated based on the standard population of China in 1990. The analysis was performed by Excel 2016 and SPSS 20.0. Results:From 2016 to 2020， the average crude mortality rate of residents was 281.75/100 000 from January to April in Minhang District of Shanghai， and the standardized mortality rate was 66.57/100 000. The top five causes of death in the latest five years were cardiovascular diseases， tumor， respiratory diseases， endocrine diseases， and injury and poisoning. The mortality rate was the lowest from January to April in 2020 in the past five years； furthermore， the mortality rate of respiratory system diseases has decreased significantly. Conclusion:Sex， age， place and causes of death in residents are consistent from January to April across years in Minhang District of Shanghai. However， there are minor differences in 2020， which may be attributable to the epidemic of COVID-19.
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This article summarized the laws and regulations on the prevention and control of infectious diseases, classification of infectious diseases, and measures for the prevention and control of infectious diseases in Japan. Ⅰt focused on the containment of spread of infectious diseases, classification and categorization in the treatment and quarantine. Ⅰn addition, the response to the novel coronavirus pneumonia in the early stage of transmission in Japan was introduced. Moreover, we propose specific suggestions to improve the system of laws and regulations on the prevention and control of infectious diseases in China, improve the classification of infectious diseases, clarify the rights and obligations of governments at all levels, establish medical facilities with"classification and combination of normal and emergency situations"for the treatment of infectious diseases, practice emergency simulation exercises regularly, and improve risk communication.
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The earthquake occurred in Japan on March 11， 2011 was accompanied by a tsunami， which also led to a leakage accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. The disaster caused large-scale casualties and property damage. Soma City in Fukushima Prefecture established a disaster response headquarter and held its first meeting 9 minutes after the earthquake. Disaster response can be divided into three stages. In the first phase， life protection is the primary task. In the second phase， the primary tasks are health protection and basic life support. And in the third phase， life quality improvement is the primary task. This article reviewed the public health emergency response of local governments in Japan after the disaster in order to improve the response to public health emergencies in China.
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Novel coronavirus pneumonia disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 began to emerge in Wuhan, Hubei, China in December 2019. It is currently spreading globally including Japan. The COVID-19 case in Japan began to appear in middle January 2020 and continued to increase over time. The period from middle January to the end of February is considered to be the initial stage of domestic transmission in Japan. This article described the spread of 935 COVID-19 cases related to Japan by the end of February 2020, including the 15 infected Japanese returned from Wuhan, the 696 infected individuals in the large-scale cruise ship 'Diamond Princess' and the 224 infected individuals in Japan. This paper summarizes the measures to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Japan, such as limiting RT-PCR detection for SARS-CoV-2, reducing the number of patients with mild illness who go to medical institutions unnecessarily, formulating guidelines for SARS-CoV-2 infection consultation, canceling large gatherings and temporarily closing schools. This paper further points out the problems encountered in the prevention and control of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Japan, such as the slow detection of RT-PCR, the risk of infection faced by medical staff, the regional differences in the domestic health care service system, the confusion of information disclosure and management. The above introduction as allows us to acquire a better understanding of the new coronavirus pneumonia in Japan and the world and may provide reference for the control the epidemic of COVID-19 in worldwide.
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Novel coronavirus pneumonia disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 was identified in December 2019, and is gradually spreading globally including Japan.The COVID-19 case in Japan began to appear in middle January 2020 and continued to increase over time.The period from middle January to the end of February is considered to be the initial stage of domestic transmission in Japan.The paper descibes the spread of 935 cases of COVID-19 related to Japan by the end of February 2020, including the 15 infected Japanese returned from Wuhan, the 696 infected individuals in the large-scale cruise ship "Diamond Princess" and the 224 infected individuals in Japan.This paper summarizes the measures to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Japan, such as limiting RT-PCR detection for SARS-CoV-2, reducing the number of patients with mild illness who go to medical institutions unnecessarily, formulating guidelines for SARS-CoV-2 infection consultation, canceling large gatherings and temporarily closing schools.This paper further points out the problems encountered in the prevention and control of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Japan, such as the slow detection of RT-PCR, the risk of infection faced by medical staff, the regional differences in the domestic health care service system, the confusion of information disclosure and management.The paper allows us to acquire a better understanding of the new coronavirus pneumonia in Japan and the world and may provide reference for the control the epidemic of COVID-19 in worldwide.
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Objective To observe the dynamic changes of endothelial progenitor cells(EPCs)in peripheral blood and cognitive ability of rats with different degrees of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods A total of 28 male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups:sham group,mild traumatic brain injury group,moderate traumatic brain injury group and severe traumatic brain injury group,seven rats in each group.A hole was drilled on the right parietal skull(4.0 mm posterior from bregma and 3 mm lateral to the sagittal suture,hippocampal region)to expose the dura.Rats were subjected to different degrees of traumatic brain injury of 0.9,2.1,3.2 atm(1 atm=101.325 kPa).The dynamic changes of EPCs,white blood cell count(WBC)and platelets(PLT)in the circulating blood were measured before(0 h)and after TBI(3,6,24,48,72,168,240 and 336 h after trauma). Morris water maze (MWM) test was performed to record the escape latency and target quadrant change on day 21-25 after TBI in four groups. Results The number of circulating EPCs kept stable throughout the experiment in the sham group.The numbers of EPCs were significantly lower at 3 h after injury in mild,moderate and severe traumatic brain injury groups(17.4±3.1,15.6±5.0 and 23.6±3.0)than those in the sham group(53.6±7.9,P<0.05).The numbers of EPCs at 6 h after injury were increased rapidly,and which were significantly higher in the mild and moderate TBI group than those in sham group(P<0.05).Then the number of EPCs dropped to the normal level on 48 h after injury.The changes of EPCs was inconsistent with the WBC and PLT during the whole experiment.The positioning cruise experiment showed that the escape latency shortened over time in each group.The escape latency was longer in TBI group than that in sham group during the same period. The spatial probe test showed that the percentages of the target quadrant were significantly lower in the moderate and severe TBI groups than those in the sham group and the mild TBI group. Conclusion With the severity of traumatic brain injury,the cognitive ability reduces in model rats.The level of endothelial progenitor cells in circulating blood is related to the severity of the traumatic brain injury,and can be used as a marker to judge the prognosis.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To summarize experiences of operative treatment for Essex-Lopresti injury, and analyze the effect of the compare repair of interosseous membrane of forearm(IOM)on the forearm function.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-four patients of Essex-Lopresti injury were treated from January 2005 to December 2013, 16 patients(group A) with radius and/or ulna fractures were treated with open reduction and internal fixation of radius or ulna and repair of forearm bone membrane at the same time, and then treated with open reduction and internal fixation of head of radius, as well as lower ulnar joint fixation or repair of wrist triangle fiber complex. Another 8 patients without radius and or ulna fractures(group B) were treated with open reduction and internal fixation of head of radius, as well as lower ulnar joint fixation or repair of wrist triangle fiber complex. The wrist joint function was evaluated using Cooney wrist functional rating index, and the elbow joint function was evaluated using Mayo elbow-performance score 2 weeks and 2 years after operation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>According to Cooney wrist functional rating index, 4 patients in group A got a fair result and 12 poor, 2 patients in group B got a fair result and 6 poor 2 weeks after operation; 8 patients in group A got a good result, 6 fair and 2 poor, 5 patients in group B got a good result, 2 fair and 1 poor 2 years after operation. According to Mayo elbow-performance score, 2 patients in group A got a good result, fair and 6 poor, 1 patient in group B got a good result, 5 fair and 2 poor 2 weeks after operation; 8 patients in group A got a good result, 6 fair and 2 poor, 4 patients in group B got a good result, 3 fair and 1 poor. There were no statistically differences between two groups 2 weeks and 2 years after operation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>It is important to restore the length of radius and/or ulna and maintain the dynamic stabilization of elbow and wrist for treat Essex-Lopresti injury. The repair of IOM has no effect on the forearm function.</p>
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Cancer survivors are faced with physical, emotional, mental, social relationship, vocational, economic and other challenges with the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.Those challenges would last for their whole cancer survivorship.In this case cancer has become a chronic disease.It is one of the most promising models that cancer rehabilitation organizations involving in community management and self-management of cancer patients.The comprehensive social, psychological and behavior intervention of Shanghai Cancer Rehabilitation Club has achieved positive results.It should be considered to summa-rize, evaluate and promote the intervention mode further.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the methods and outcomes of a minimally posteromedial transverse incision in the hip knee flexion for the treatment of tibial avulsion fracture at the insertion of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-one patients with tibial avulsion fracture at the insertion of PCL treated with a minimally posteromedial transverse incision in the hip knee flexion by cannulated screw fixation from March 2010 to March 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 13 males and 8 females with an average age of 35.1 years old (ranged, 20 to 56 years). Eleven cases caused by traffic accident, 3 caused by falling, 4 caused by sport, 3 caused by heavy pounds. The injury duration ranged from 3 hours to 9 days with a mean of 3.5 days. The results of posterior drawer test were positive in all patients. Lysholm score was used to evaluated knee joint function.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All operations were successful without infection, vessel and nerve injuries and all incisions healed by first intention with the mean length of 5.8 cm (ranged, 5 to 6 cm). All patients were followed up from 7 to 23 months with an average of 12.7 months. The results of posterior drawer test were negative in all patients. X-ray films showed that all fractures healed. The Lysholm score was improved from preoperative 40.76±9.55 to 95.86±2.33 final follow-up (t=30.07, P=0.000).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Treatment of tibial avulsion fracture at the insertion of the posterior cruciate ligament through a minimally posteromedial transverse incision in the hip knee flexion with cannulated screw fixation is a better surgical procedure with the advantages of minimal incision, sufficient exposure, effective fixation, small scar and satisfactory effects.</p>
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Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Bone Screws , Fracture Fixation, Internal , Methods , Hip Joint , General Surgery , Knee Joint , General Surgery , Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures , Posterior Cruciate Ligament , General Surgery , Tibial Fractures , General SurgeryABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the clinical characteristics of Segond fracture and its operative method and opportunity.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From June 2008 to December 2011, arthroscopic exploration was performed in 16 patients with Segond fracture. Six patients were explored at 1 week after injury ,their anterior cruciate ligament were broken completely combined with meniscus injury. Ten patients were explored at 8-10 weeks after injury, 4 patients with anterior and posterior cruciate ligament breakage completely, 4 patients with anterior cruciate ligament breakage completely,and 2 patients with anterior cruciate ligament breakage incompletely,among 10 cases, 8 cases of anterior cruciate ligament breakage completely combined with meniscus injury, 1 case of anterior cruciate ligament breakage incompletely without obviously meniscus injury, 1 case combined with fibular head fracture and lateral collateral ligament injury. All broken cruciate ligaments were rebuilt after arthroscopic exploration and meniscus injuries were sutured in 5 cases. Clinical effects were evaluated according to Lysholm-Gillquist scoring of knee joint function.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Six patients were operated at 1 week after injury,their knee joint swelled obviously at 3 days after operation,unloaded blood oozing by joint puncture,and out-of-bed activity with assistance at the I week after operation. Other 10 patients were operated at 8-10 weeks after injury,no knee joint obviously swelled,no blood oozing was found by joint puncture ,and out-of-bed activity with assistance at 3 days after operation. All patients were followed up from 12 to 50 months with an average of 24 months. Postoperative Lysholm-Gillquist scoring of all patients were higher than preoperative and recovered well.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Segond fractures often associated with anterior cruciate ligament breakage and meniscus injury,it is important that early detection for treatment. The best time of cruciate ligament rebuilding and meniscus repairing may be at 8-10 weeks after injury.</p>
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Adult , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Anterior Cruciate Ligament , General Surgery , Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries , Menisci, Tibial , General Surgery , Tibial Fractures , Diagnosis , General Surgery , Tibial Meniscus InjuriesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the dynamic changes of proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) in subventricular zone (SVZ) and dentate gyrus (DG) in vascular dementia (VD) rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>VD models were established by repeatedly clipping the common carotid arteries of the rat in combination with an intraperitoneal injection of sodium nitroprusside solution in anesthetized SD rats. Morris maze test was used to detect the learning and memory ability of the rats and immune fluorescence single and double labeling method to detect the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells and the expression of neurogranin (Ng) at 15 d, 1 month, 2 month, 4 month time points.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with sham-operated group, the escape latency of model group rats were significantly longer at all the time points (P < 0.01). The BrdU positive cells in SVZ and DG of VD model groups were markedly increased in comparison with sham-operated group at 15 d and 1 month time point (P < 0.01), and the number of BrdU positive cells in SVZ of model groups were still larger than that of sham-operated group at 2 month and 4 month time point (P < 0.01). In model group, the number of the BrdU/Ng double staining cells were increased and higher than that in sham-operated groups (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The proliferation of NSCs can be enhanced noticeably in a certain time in SVZ and DG region and NSCs differentiate into mature neurons with the expression of Ng in DG region in VD rats, which may play some compensatory roles in the nerve regeneration and functional repairmen after cerebral injury of VD.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Cell Differentiation , Cell Proliferation , Dementia, Vascular , Dentate Gyrus , Cell Biology , Ependyma , Cell Biology , Maze Learning , Nerve Regeneration , Neural Stem Cells , Cell Biology , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the therapeutic effects of iliac nail in the treatment of lumbar sacral and pelvis reconstruction.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Form January 2004 to February 2010,10 patients (4 males and 6 females, ranging age from 25 to 75 years, with an average of 46.5 years ) were treated. Among the patients, 5 cases were L5S1 vertebral tuberculosis, 2 cases were sacral giant-cell tumors and 3 cases were severe osteoporosis combined with lumbar sacral slipping. The main symptoms manifested low back pain, limited activity and dysphasia before treatment. Iliac nail and lumbar-sacral pedicle screw were used for reconstruction of lumbar-sacral spine and pelvis. Nakai scale was used to evaluate therapeutic effects, Suk scale for osseous fusion.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All operations were succeful, obtained primary healing. All the patients were followed up, and the mean time of follow-up was 24 months (ranged from 18 to 36 months). The complications, such as weakness and decreased sensation of lower libs and activity, increased spinal cord injury, were not occurred after operation. According to Nakai scale, 7 cases got excellent result, 2 good and 1 fair. All bone graft were bony fusion with an average time of 3.5 months.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Iliac nail can fixed well between lumbar vertebra and pelvis and solve the problem of fixation due to pathological changes of lumbosacral region. It is an ideal method of less blood loss and operating time.</p>
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Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Bone Nails , Fracture Fixation, Internal , Internal Fixators , Lumbar Vertebrae , Wounds and Injuries , General Surgery , Pelvis , Wounds and Injuries , General Surgery , Sacrum , Wounds and Injuries , General SurgeryABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the antitumor efficacy of Ad-TD-RFP for human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells (C666-1) in vitro and in vivo.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The oncolytic effects of Ad-TD-RFP and control virus dl11520 on C666-1 cells were determined by cytotoxicity assay (MTS assay). Viral replication of Ad-TD-RFP and dl11520 was detected at different time points (24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h) by tissue culture infective dose (TCID(50)) in C666-1 cells implanted subcutaneously into the flank in each of BALB/c nude mice. The xenografts were injected intratumorally with Ad-TD-RFP or dl1520 to investigate their effects on tumor growth.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The concentration for 50% of maximal effect (EC(50)) values of Ad-TD-RFP and dl1520 were (107.6 ± 3.2) pt/cell and (174.1 ± 4.0) pt/cell, respectively (t = 22.6, P < 0.001). The Ad-TD-RFP replication was 3-14 folds more than dl1520 replication at four time points (24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h) in C666-1 cells (t values were 33.6, 23.4, 20.8 and 17.3, respectively, P < 0.001). The average tumor volumes of PBS group, dl1520 group and Ad-TD-RFP group were (1765.5 ± 713.9) mm(3), (1036.9 ± 623.8) mm(3), and (420.8 ± 238.7) mm(3), respectively (F = 12.0, P < 0.05) on day 67 after treatment.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The antitumour efficacy of the novel oncolytic adenovirus Ad-TD-RFP for human nasopharyngeal carcinoma C666-1 cells is superior to that of dl1520 in vitro and in vivo. The outcome of this study provides an experimental basis for the treatment of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma by viral gene therapy.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Humans , Mice , Adenoviridae , Classification , Genetics , Carcinoma , Cell Line, Tumor , Genetic Vectors , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Mice, Nude , Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms , Therapeutics , Oncolytic Virotherapy , Oncolytic Viruses , Genetics , Xenograft Model Antitumor AssaysABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the best effective and accepted path of iliac screws for lumbar sacral spine and pelvis to provide reference for reconstruction.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From Feb. 2009 to Aug. 2009, radiographic data of 50 patients were selected for various reasons, pelvic CT scanning and three-dimensional reconstruction and no positive performance, included 28 males and 22 females with an average age of 41.2 years old, ranging from 19 to 65 years. Designed four paths, in path A, B, C, CLIC (crossing point of Chiotic line and posterior iliac crest, located 24 mm on the top of posterior superior iliac spine) was the starting point for the path in the direction of the upper edge of the acetabulum, anterior inferior iliac spine, acetabulum center; in path D, the posterior superior iliac spine was starting point to direct anterior inferior iliac spine. The length of the screw channel and two narrow points in the screw channel of the bone plate thickness data of each different path were measured and analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The path A (CLIC point to the upper edge of the acetabulum) and the path B (CLIC point to the AIIS) and the path D (PSIS to AIIS) had correspond length of the screw channel, but the thickness of iliac of path A was thicker than that of path B and D. The iliac thickness of path A (CLIC point to the upper edge of the acetabulum) and the path C (CLIC point to the acetabular center) has no significant difference, but the channel length of path A was significant longer than that of path C.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Path A from the CLIC point to the direction of the upper edge of acetabular ilium nail route was the longest path and the iliac bone plate was the most thick, and able to accommodate the relatively longest and most coarse iliac screw, but also bear the greatest tension. It is the best iliac nail route.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Bone Screws , Ilium , Diagnostic Imaging , General Surgery , Plastic Surgery Procedures , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To screen the peptides that bind specifically to the hepatoma cells using phage display random peptides library.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Three rounds of panning were conducted in vitro targeting HepG2 cell lines. In nude mice bearing HepG2 tumor, one round of panning was conducted, and 30 phage clones were randomly selected for sequence analysis to identify the consensus sequence. Immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry were performed to determine the specificity of the phages to the hepatoma cells.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After three rounds of panning in vitro and one round of panning in vivo, the phages binding to HepG2 cells were enriched. Sequence analysis of the randomly selected clones identified the peptide sequence VRKRSECLGAHD as the most frequent sequence. Immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry confirmed the specificity of the phage binding to the hepatoma cells.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Specific peptides against hepatoma cells can be obtained from a phage- display peptide library, which provides an experimental basis for developing therapeutic agents targeting hepatoma cells.</p>